Civil Rights Leaders and Social Justice Activists

Effects On Psychological Health When Labelled With Chronic...

Impact on psychological health when labelled with chronic illness eg. stigma So my topic was how psychological health was affected when someone was labelled with a chronic illness. More specifically stigma associated with chronic illness and how it could impact Ivan due to his conditions. When someone is suffering or living with a chronic illness it can have a huge impact on them psychologically and socially. Chronic Illness is a condition that is prolonged in duration, usually more than 3 months and is rarely cured (DoH, 2012). Having to cope with a chronic condition might lead to life changes, such as dependency on others, loss of income, which can cause feelings of loss and reduced self-esteem. They can also report feelings of social rejection, poor healthcare and workplace termination due to their presenting condition (Earnshaw, Quinn, Park, 2011). Psychological impacts of having a chronic illness also consist of feelings such as: shame, blame, hopelessness, distress and a reluctance to seek or accept help when necessary (MHC, 2010). These feelings and emotions can lead to low self esteem, social withdrawal, poor self worth and a dependence on alcohol or drugs (Sane, 2010). One determinant for the above feelings is stigma. Stigma is a mark of disgrace or shame that sets the person apart and is a social sanction which dehumanises an individual, by branding them or labelling them based on their illness (Epstein, Olsen, Grey, 2012) . When they are labelled they areShow MoreRelatedStigm Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity1643 Words   |  7 PagesGoffman defined stigma as an â€Å"attribute that is deeply discrediting† and that reduces the bearer â€Å"from normal being to a person that is tainted† (Goffman 1963, p. 3). It is considered a form of stereotype or labeling of a person or group based on their illness and handicap. The topic that I will be discussing in this paper is Alcoholism, how people who are alcohol dependence are stigmatized and ways to help reduce the stigma and discrimination associated with it. Stigma is a negative attribute imposedRead MoreApplication Of Psychological Theory And Research Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of psychological theory and research to understanding depression The case James was referred to the counselling service for chronic low mood in terms of demonstrating depressed mood, worthless and hopeless feeling, and marked diminished interests or pleasure in university activities and social relationship activities. Based on his background information, it seems that James’ early life experiences and his developed core beliefs of self, world and future have huge impacts on his chronic low moodRead MoreThe Case Study Of James, A Twenty Year Old Male University Student Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy of James, a Twenty year old male university student who has been referred by his GP to the counselling services for having a chronic low mood. Becks Basic cognitive model is an idea that aims to provide linkage between key negative events in a person’s history and mental illnesses, most particularly depressions. (Watkins, 1997)The first step of the model is labelled early life experiences and the development of core and conditional beliefs; together these two areas outline the linkage betweenRead MoreSafeguard Methods Used to Protect Vulnerable People.1716 Words   |  7 PagesMs M and Ms P who are all described as vulnerable adults with learning disabilities, how and why these disabilities have lead to the service users being regarded as vulnerable. For this reason, I would define what learning disability is and the effects it may have on the individual service users. I would use the labelling theory in this concept to explain my knowledge and understanding of vulnerability. I will also demonstrate how anti discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice applies to practiceRead MoreTwo complementary therapies1569 Word s   |  7 Pagespatient’s body. Practitioners use this method to master a bunch of both medical and health conditions like depression, arthritis and tendonitis and much more. It is commonly used to treat conditions that have something to do with pain like headaches and chronic back pains. There are some advantages that come with acupuncture. Advantages: Acupuncture gives relief to the patient from bodily and psychological sickness. It is also a biological alternative to medications and this is because thisRead MoreUnderstanding Mental Health and Mental Illness Essay2911 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction The following essay will begin by demonstrating what is understood by the concept of mental health. It will attempt to identify different explanations for the underlying issues causing mental illnesses and it will then centre around a case study focusing specifically on one mental health problem. A description of what the causes and effects of the chosen illness will be given and information on the available treatment will be presented. To round up the assignment a brief explanationRead MoreDrug Addiction Is A Complex Disease2376 Words   |  10 Pagesbehavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long term personality changes in individuals may occur as well. In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.The initiation of drug and alcohol use is most likely to occur during adolescence, and some experimentation with substanc es by older adolescents is common.Drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsingRead MoreSocial Contexts Can Constrain Our Health Behavior Choice3137 Words   |  13 PagesHealth Behaviours can be split into three types, as defined by Kasl and Cobb (1966). Firstly, health behaviour is a behaviour directed to avoid disease such as having a balanced diet. Secondly, illness behaviour is aimed at seeking remedy such as visiting the doctor, and thirdly is sick role behaviour which is an activity aimed at overcoming illness. Further explanation by Matarzzo (1984) includes health impairing behaviour to account for choices we make such as smoking or drinking which can affectRead MoreMental Health Care Services For Rural Communities Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pages Counseling, along with other mental health care services, are often lacking in rural communities. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), rural areas suffer from chronic shortages of mental health care profession als. Providers who do practice in rural communities are less likely to be available to the public since they are overwhelmed with the amount of clients they serve. There is often a shortage of health care services and residents in rural communities often have to travelRead MoreA Study On Type II Diabetes Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pagesmost critical health issues in NZ, due to its prevalence and severity. There are significant differences in prevalence in NZ among different socioeconomic/ethnic groups. This assignment will discuss different measures of health and socioeconomic status (SES), describe different explanations of the diabetes-related inequalities in NZ and how different factors interact to perpetuate these, and discuss whether these inequalities are inequities. Type II diabetes is a non-communicable chronic disease that

Eyewear – Get clear Vision

Question: Describe about the Article for Eyewear Get clear Vision. Answer: Introduction Eyewear is business is very booming business as most of us are extremely fond of eyewear. There is a sort of pleasure in looking for a brand new pair of eyewear of unique frames that makes the physical appearance impressive, which as a result gives a great feeling. The latest trends are loved by all and everybody intend to buy the desired frames at the right price with faster delivery of the product. Keeping this booming trend in mind, we have created an Eyewear online store which provides a new shopping experience in designer eyewear. Eyewear an Australia based company, sells genuine up market brands with quick delivery and exciting prices. The company also provides satisfactory after sales service. We at Eyewear, leave no stone unturned in making the visit of our customers to our shopping outlet comfortable and exciting. Our experts use special technology for fitting the frames. Also, our in-house laboratory crafts the customers quality lenses within an hour. The corporation has also decided that it will offer consumers, in small cities around the United States, eyewear products catering to the youth that has huge demand nationally but are not available at local level (Eyewear Team, 2016). The dissimilarity between other e-commerce websites catering to youth is thatthe former has focused specifically on their customers living in small cities of the U.S. The companys target audience is youngsters in the age group of 11 to 18 years; our online store intends to give special advertising coverage in small towns having a population of over a lakh. Such small areas already have small sized businesses meant for the youth, thatour online store can use to endorse its product offering. Keys to Success Aim: To provide an online store is that it is a Manageable website which is enjoyable to surf. Something like a tour to the customers desired product outlet where one can explore great variety and new products. Objectives To have a wonderful vendor association that will enable fast delivery of orders. To create an efficientplanning orders to advertise to effectively reach the target audience. To form areputation that the target audiences find to be eye-catching and fashionable. Business Model: We intend to employ both B2B as well as B2C model: B2B: Our organization will use this business model. The business to business, also called asB2B, model engages enterprises that are using the World Wide Web hold transactions with each other. As per Americas census bureau, B2B online business accounts for higher than ninety percent of the entire electronic commerce. Its key cause is the complications of B2B transactions. Where B2C transactions engage sellers offering their product items and services for the buyers, B2B dealings are multidimensional and usually include several transactions at every stage of the supply chain. B2B dealings create income from direct sales (Andam, 2003). B2C: The business to consumer also known as a B2C model of electronic trade sells goods straight to customers who shop online such as Amazon.com. The electronic business just has an online identity with which it provides a huge variety of products to the clients. Several B2C business models earn income from directly selling to the customers as well as the processing charges. B2C also termed as electronic retail (Gilani, 2011). Company Structure Our Company is a partnership firm with following five members: A - CEO He is a business visionary with good experience of sunglasses and eyewear. He has great experience in the same field and knows different language, focusing customers across the globe. B Import/Export manager Mr. B has great experience in foreign outlets and has travelled across the globe. He has knowledge of different cultures and possesses great marketing skills. He will look after our Import/ Export sales and its operational activities. C- Operation/ Accounts Manager Mr. C has experience in warehouse management, operations and handling cash. He will make sure that our operations are running smoothly and also keep a track on our finances and accounts department. D Marketing Manager Mr. D has excellent advertising and marketing skills. He will take care of our Marketing Department. He also possesses great software skills so he will take care of our online marketing projects. E- Software/ Website Development Mr. E has excellent IT skills. He will make sure that our website is updated with the latest products. He will also see if a website is running smoothly and no customer is facing any issue. Marketing Strategy Electronic Mail as Marketing promotion Email promotion or marketing is the base of good eCommerce marketing plans and approaches because even today it is the best technique for convincing the prospective clients and persuading them to shop more (Nate, 2016). There is a tendency of customers to open e-mails, even if these mails contain basic ads. Therefore, we have acted upon by an email marketing drive that will be effective to be in touch with the clients, to make them aware of the new products and other necessary information to enable sales. Social Media, as a platform for promotion: Selling on social media somewhat becomes hard for eCommerce enterprises as it is not easy to find out about the platforms that are best suited in specific markets. The easy resolution to this problem is to diversify and subsequently discard the platforms that are not serving the purpose. It is equivalent to something like investing in share market. Once the risk is analyzed the suitable alternatives are understood. Therefore, we have created pages of Facebook and twitter. We have spread our existence on all social media tools in order to aid the customers to connect with us Working with a personalized strategy: Personalization is very essential; thereby we have provided a face of our organization. We would be sending our customers with e- mails with the name of the face of the company. Apart from that we have pages of the brands we offer and the discounts we provide along with the pictures of the samples (Nielsen, 2014). We also have featured our facilities of providing free next day delivery and free returns etc. 100% unique and original content: The content of our website is original and aims at grasping online awareness for our company and its products. We would be also diverting audience towards the website by way of SEO, Google base and other resources that would be available online and then churning this audience to be our customers. Finally, analyzing the output and working towards improvising our strategies (Ginsberg, 2015). E business payment system Our company will use electronic payment where money is transferred through the paperless financial transaction. Our payment system will be user friendly, less processing time and will have various options for customers to do his transaction. Few modes of payment will be: Credit card Debit Card Smart Card E Money Pay Pal Electronic Fund Transfer Our payment transaction will be safe. PayPal will be our first priority then other modes of payment. PayPal is the safest mode of transfer (Meyer, 2012). The information of clients will be encrypted for safety issues. Our PayPal address and bank details will be given to the customer. The steps of how card holders will pay our payment: The bank will issue a debit card, credit card or smart card The customer will fill all details on our website for the product he wants to purchase We will validate customers identity and send approval to the respective bank via brand company When the card brand authenticates, then the transaction will proceed We will send the sales slip and our payment will be cleared Our customers can also pay through E-money where they can directly send cash without involvement of any middle body. The Electronic Fund transfer will help customers to send payment to our accounts via ATM also. Although this is not a common practice, but we can do this on request from the customer. E-business security, privacy, and legal issues As our business is online, we need to get customers trust as they want to get protected against fraud. Our website will be safe to use and we will use all safety certifications and encryption technology. We will also display any logos if required to communicate that our website is safe so that the customer is comfortable while doing monetary transaction. Our website will only ask limited and required information which will ensure the client that our website is safe and their privacy is protected. Our website will compliant with our countrys anti spam rules and other requirements (Lorette, 2016). Security Just like a person protects his physical business, we will make sure that we protect our online business, our website is covered under security best practices and doing payment through debit and credit cards or PayPal will be safe and secured. Privacy When we collect information from customers, there is some data collected which can be used besides that transaction. We will make sure that we dont use any such information without customers consent. Hence, we will not violate any privacy rights and will destroy any extra information available with us. Privacy Policy Our website will develop a proper and legal system to collect any private information is required. This will be posted to the customer on a visible location at our website. We will use web cookies to track visitors on our website, this will tell to our visitors by posting our privacy policy. Our team understands that customers only shop from websites who take care of customers privacy policy. A well defined privacy policy will help us to reduce our legal risk and will help us to market our product well by retaining our customers. Our website will make sure that it is secured and safe for our customers. Legal Issues Our website ensures that all laws are incorporated and safety and security standards are fulfilled. Our website will take care of date security of customers. We will also make sure that we pay all duties wage charges, PAYG expenses. Insurance will be done to cover workers compensation which covers physical and financial aspects when our store is launched (Government of Canada, 2016). Benefits of our E-Commerce Website The internet is the key to many opportunities in the business world. Owners and customers both find it comfortable to carry on the transactions. Our team discovered that this website will be beneficial for us in doing the business. The following are its key benefits: Efficient Marketing With the help of online marketing, we can do branding of our website with cost-effective and reasonable means. Sending emails, articles, social media networking are inexpensive and effective means of marketing in todays era. We will be able to do the marketing of our site at very low cost and highly efficient marketing (Zorzini, 2016). 24 hour open Services Our E-business website will have the advantage to be open all time with the help of internet. It will be available to customers 24*7 hours with uninterrupted services. With our website, we can make money even when we are very busy or are at rest. Global Approach With our website, we can reach our customers globally, to all corners of the earth. As long as the customer is using the internet, he can reach us and carry on transaction with us. Cost-effective Our website eliminates the need of a physical store and huge manpower required. Thus we will be able to save per cost transaction and earn more profits. Our e-business will e-business will reduce the need to hire store managers, cash clerks, salespersons and other staff, thus making our business more cost-effective. Reduced Overhead expenses Our website will help us eliminate most of our costs, which are involved due to physical location. We will save costs like rents, excessive salaries of employees. In the beginning, we will also save expenses on inventory storage as we will order our wholesaler to ship the products. However, as our business will grow, we will hire a store to keep the stock. Less Investment Our website will demand very less investment in beginning, unlike starting a physical business. There is no need keep huge stock and spend high on physical store and employees. Our website and internet will help us to market our product at cost effective prices. Conclusion and Recommendation The Eyewear online store provides a new shopping experience in designer eyewear. Eyewear is an Australia based company, sells genuine up market brands with quick delivery and exciting prices. The company also provides satisfactory after sales service. The corporation has also decided that it will offer consumers, in small cities around the United States, eyewear products catering to the youth that has huge demand nationally but are not available at local level. Our company uses both B2B as well as B2C model. The marketing strategy involves the use of electronic mail as well as a social media presence to reach to our targeted customers. The company has also provided for 100 % original content on our website and has clearly mentioned all the products and brands that we are offering. Our payment transaction will be safe. PayPal will be our first priority then other modes of payment. PayPal is the safest mode of transfer. The information of clients will be encrypted for safety issues. Our PayPal address and bank details will be given to the customer. Our team understands that customers only shop from websites who take care of customers privacy policy. A well defined privacy policy will help us to reduce our legal risk and will help us to market our product well by retaining our customers. Our website will make sure that it is secured and safe for our customers. We would target and recommend our team to discover and explore new templates and app s for future. Once we have started to go on Shopify, we will make sure that we explore and test new and difficult apps (Shopify Team, 2012). Another thing which we will keep in our mind is to deliver our product on time to customers. Sometimes, a customer may have urgency of the requirement so delivering our products on committed time will definitely help us to retain such customers forever. Bibliography Andam, Z., 2003. e-Commerce and e-Business: undp, Available at: https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/830/Files/61164_Ecommerce%20and%20E%20Business.pdf Eyewear Team, 2016. Eyewear official website. [Online] Available at: https://onlinestore.cloudaccess.host/about-us.html Gilani, N., 2011. Types of E-Business Models. Types of E-Business Models, December. Ginsberg, I., 2015. Online Marketing Strategy. Online Marketing Strategy, Available at: https://www.ecommercepartners.net/services/online-marketing-strategy Government of Canada, 2016. E-business security, privacy, and legal requirements. [Online] Available at: https://entreprisescanada.ca/eng/page/2764/ Lorette, K., 2016. The Advantages of E-Business. The Advantages of E-Business, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-e-business-2252.html Meyer, R., 2012. 10 Excellent Online Payment Systems. 10 Excellent Online Payment Systems, 15 May. Nate, H., 2016. E-commerce Internet Business Plan. E-commerce Internet Business Plan. Nielsen, 2014. E-COMMERCE: EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION IN THE FAST-MOVING CONSUMER GOODS WORLD?: Nielsen. Shopify Team, 2012. Shopify official website. [Online] Available at: https://www.shopify.in/success-stories/zerouv Zorzini, C., 2016. 50 Unbeatable Ecommerce Marketing Tips for 2016. 50 Unbeatable Ecommerce Marketing Tips for 2016, 04 March.

Criminology Thoughts On Plea Bargaining Essay Example For Students

Criminology Thoughts On Plea Bargaining Essay KWM SOCL 4461 May 07, 2001 The current tone of the criminal justice system, particularly the prosecution phase, emphasizes, clearing the docket. While this is true of both civil and criminal courts, it is very much encouraged in criminal matters where the prosecution likely has the upper hand on most, if not all, defendants. As a result, the practice of Plea Bargaining is over used and likely results in many injustices. The fact of the matter is that the state, who is for all practical purposes the prosecution, has unlimited resources and will not hesitate to use these resources to prosecute a crime, particularly a high profile crime such as murder or rape. The defendant on the other hand is more likely to be a person without means and in many instances is represented by a public defender, which is an attorney, on the states payroll, to defend those who cannot afford an attorney for themselves. Considering that the prosecution or state is also the employer of the defense attorney implies an inherent problem to begin with. Add to this the fact that public defenders most frequently are assigned to the same courts and work with the same judges and prosecutors on a daily basis, often befriending them in the process and you have the makeup for many misdeeds. It is not unheard of for prosecutors and defense attorneys, both paid and public defenders, to trade off cases, which are important to each other. In general, the way this works is the prosecutor who has a case that is for whatever reason important to him and offers to cut the defense attorney a little slack on his next important case if the defense attorney encourages his client to plead guilty on the current case. While many would suggest that this does not occur, I have personally witnessed such events and was embarrassed for our system that this is allowed to occur. Further, I was amazed that the judge was fully aware of what was occurring and supported the plea agreement. The whole process of plea agreements is, in my opinion, tainted. The mere thought that we would encourage someone to plead guilty rather than risk a trial in which he might be found guilty and piss the judge off is immoral. Is not the purpose of our criminal justice system in fact to ensure that everyone has a fair trial in front of his peers? Nowhere was it believed in the creation of our system that a judge should penalize someone for exercising his right to a public trial. However, that is exactly what occurs each and every day in the courtrooms across our country and this practice is even encouraged in many of the sentencing guidelines used in both federal and state courts today. Judges are so focused on clearing the docket that justice has become the second or third concern and the way to clear the docket is to accept pleas all day long and never have a trial. By threatening an accused person with a harsher sentence if he elects to go to trial, we have totally bypassed the fundamental rights of American citizens, which we were granted by the constitutional amendments. How can we impose a greater penalty because one chooses a trial and give someone who accepts a plea bargain a better deal, for the sake of saving time and money, when in fact the crimes may be identical or even worse the one with the better deal committed a much worse crime. Additionally, how many persons have accepted plea bargains at the suggestion of a defense attorney simply because the accused or defense did not have the financial means or resources to put on a sufficient defense. Again, these pleas are likely the result of fearing a harsher sentence if a trial was chosen. Yes, in many cases the prosecution has a strong case. However, how many times have we witnessed in the last twenty years, long-term convictions being overturned because a witness made a mistake, or a police officer was found to have planted evidence or lied at the trial. These and other injustices do occur and if a defense attorney advises a client to accept a plea agreement to avoid trial .

Caesar and the Gladiators Essay Example

Caesar and the Gladiators Essay The excitement was palpable; the air was electrifying, everyone was eager to enter the enormous, stone structure for the spectacle. The flyers in the last weeks advertised wild beasts of every kind and hundreds of pairs. There were rumors of the number of pairs, as the gladiators had been ‘trained up..not in schools, but in houses of Roman knights and even Senate’s, skilled in the use of arms’ [ CITATION CSu06 l 1033 ]. Only the most celebrated gladiators would be in attendance. The people jostled for the best of the free seats, sponsored by Senators, looking for the people’s favor. What exciting times! The gladiatorial games, while many, only happened a couple of times a year. The bloody, grisly shows were gory spectacles that the general population of Rome would flock too. â€Å"Present-day disapproval of the horrors of the arena is completely understandable, but we should not forget that our judgment springs primarily from our norms and values,† [ CITATION Mei03 l 1033 ]. While we look back, we see unthinkable horrors to humans and animals alike, did some Romans have similar views as we do today? According to Cassius Dio, possibly, â€Å"But of the populace in general, many did not enter the Amphitheatre at all, and others departed after merely glancing inside, partly from shame at what was going on† [ CITATION Dio l 1033 ]. We will write a custom essay sample on Caesar and the Gladiators specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Caesar and the Gladiators specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Caesar and the Gladiators specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Roman people had many rituals the seem very primitive but were very important to them in their daily lives and the afterlife. They believed in rituals of condemnation, execution and sacrifice long before the gladiator games became a popular afternoon pass time. Death spectacles were a way to punish criminals, to dispose of captives and tributes or duties to relatives who passed away. They believed if blood was shed over their grave they would be able to pass easily over to the afterlife (munera). The wealthy would often purchase slaves to fight to the death as a sacrifice at their grave. Often th

Catcher In The Rye Essays - Literary Realism, The Catcher In The Rye

Catcher In The Rye Essays - Literary Realism, The Catcher In The Rye Catcher In The Rye The Catcher in The Rye Many people find that their dreams are unreachable. Holden Caulfield realizes this in J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. As Holden tells his story, he recounts the events since leaving the Pencey School to his psychiatrist. At first, Holden sounds like a typical, misguided teenager, rebellious towards his parents, angry with his teachers, and flunking out of school. However, as his story progresses, it becomes clear that Holden is indeed motivated, just not academically. He has a purpose: to protect the young and innocent minds of young children from the horrors of adult society. He hopes to freeze the children in time, as wax figures are frozen in a museum. After interacting with Phoebe, his younger sister, Holden realizes that this goal is quite unachievable. Holden wants to be the Catcher in the Rye, then realizes it is an unreachable ideal. Holden begins his story misguided and without direction. After flunking out of the Pencey School, Holden decides to leave early. Before he leaves, though, he visits his teacher, Mr. Spencer. Mr. Spencer and Holden talk about his direction in life: Do you feel absolutely no concern for your future, boy? Oh, I feel some concern for my future, all right. Sure. Sure, I do. I thought about it for a minute. But not too much, I guess, (14). After leaving Pencey, he checks into a hotel where he invites a prostitute up to his room. He gets cold feet and decides not to have intercourse with her, though. Later, Holden decides to take his old girlfriend, Sally Hayes, to the theater. After taking her to the theater, Holden formulates a crazy plan which entails running away with Sally, getting married, and growing old together. Sally thinks that he is crazy, and she decides to go home. During his stay away from home, Holden drinks and smokes, showing even more misdirection. However, when Holden re turns home and talks to his sister, Phoebe, his direction becomes clear. Holden wants to be the Catcher in the Rye to protect children from the world in which he is forced to live. While talking with Phoebe, she asks Holden what he would like to be. He responds saying: Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys aroundnobody big, I meanexcept me. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliffI mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. (173) Holden wants to protect the innocence of his sister and every other innocent child in the world. Before Holden meets Sally for their date, he stops in front of the Museum of Natural History and begins to reminisce. He thinks about the way he visited the museum when he was younger. He also tells that every time one visits the museum, he is changed in some way, but the figures in the exhibits always stay the same. He wants to be able to preserve some things in the glass: Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone, (122). Holden wants the innocence of children to be frozen behind that glass. When he visits Phoebes school to give her a note, Holden notices two instances of graffiti on the walls. He succeeds in rubbing one of them off cannot rub off the other. It depresses Holden to think that someday this kind of graffiti will spoil his sister Phoebe and all of her companions. Up to this p oint, keeping young children from his plight is Holdens sole motive. He soon realizes that this is impossible. Holden sees that becoming the Catcher in the Rye is an unattainable ideal. When he meets Phoebe during her lunch break at school, he has made up

The ways of improving Maintainability and Reliability of engines on Essay

The ways of improving Maintainability and Reliability of engines on Air bus A380 - Essay Example In this paper, maintenance of Airbus A380 engines is assessed from different perspectives. The paper analyzes general aircraft engine, major aircraft manufacturers, current technologies in aircraft engines and Rolls-Royce Trent 900 aircraft engine. In maintenance part, key issues are maintenance steering group (MSG-3) analysis, maintenance manual generation, heat and vibration analysis, and maintain monitoring build in equipments. The paper assesses Airbus A380 reliability through analysis of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) of aircraft engine. The other are concerns fault tree analysis, functional hazard analysis (FHA) and Neo generation aircraft engine. The airbus is a huge plane to diagnose and identify faults manually; therefore, the concept of 3D computer aided simulation discussed in the paper. The paper concludes that reliability and maintainability of Airbus engines are essential for smooth operations of the aircraft and the industry. The A380-800 is subsonic with very long variety and very high capability civil transport airplane. It offers a number of payload capabilities varying from 400 travellers in a very comfortable multi-class arrangement, capable of 853 travellers in an all economy class arrangement. The aircraft designed in close alliance with main airlines, airworthiness authorities and airports. It is the most sophisticated, roomy and effective aircraft in service condition of a new standard in air voyage and environmental effectiveness. The A380 family begins with a baseline commuter aircraft, the A380-800. The A380-900 superior capacity version is developable if in need by the market. Maintenance and reliability of such a magnificent product is a challenge, but the Aircraft has maintained the maintenance procedures. Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability (RMA) are system

Description essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Description - Essay Example Sean Penn, Ali MacGraw, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Dick Van Dyke and Tony Hopkins have all had homes here. The reason for this is the area’s incredible views of both the mountains and the ocean. As we drove along, it was awe-inspiring and a little dizzying to look up at the multi-colored mountains on one side of the road and then deep down the jagged cliffs to the white sand and ultramarine blue of the ocean down below. The difference between the two sides of the road made us feel as if we were traveling in alternate worlds, which, in a way, we were. The solid mountains look very dry, full of scrub brush and rocks and small, stunted trees that are bent and shaped by the wind. Although the ends of the grasses sway in the breeze and the trees bend slightly, this side of the road looks unchangeable. Nothing moves without good cause. It is very obvious looking at this side of the road why fires are such a danger here. In contrast, the ocean breakers send up white spray into the blue sky, emph asizing the constant motion and change occurring along the coastline. People are everywhere enjoying the beach, some tanning, some surfing, some just playing at the water’s edge. In contrast with the mountains, it seems as if nothing down there could ever remain the same. The houses along this drive are incredible, too. They don’t seem to belong to the real world of real people living real lives. Instead, they are mansions and palaces belonging to characters out of a fairy tale. The gigantic structures seem less like a place someone would live than like monuments to an idea. Each one has its own unique architectural style and lies in various degrees of hidden behind the heavily landscaped areas of their yards and gates. It is difficult to impossible to stop long enough to get a really good glimpse of how each house has been modeled. Another thing people don’t

Business environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business environment - Assignment Example The purpose of these different types of organizations are: Non-profit Organization: Such organization operate to provide services to the community without working on making any profits. Their aim is to improve the community. Such organizations includes universities and charitable organizations. Governmental Organization: These organizations are owned by the government to provide benefit to the citizens in the country. Another purpose is to utilize the resources in the country for the benefit of the community. IKEA is a for-profit organization just like Tesco. IKEAs vision is to create a better everyday life for many people (IKEA, 2014). They do this by introducing a wide product range which includes all kinds of home and even office products at low affordable prices. The vision of Tesco is ‘to be the most highly valued business by: the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed colleagues and of course, our shareholders.’ (McKeown, n.d). Tesco does not specifically deal in one kind of product. Rather Tesco is more of a retail store. IKEA deals with one niche of the retail sector which is home furniture, appliances and accessories. Tesco aims to provide maximum value to its stakeholders which include customers, employees and stakeholders. This vision clearly shows Tesco as a for-profit organization. Even IKEA is a for-profit organization but it has cleverly worded its vision statement to show respect to its customer. This also shows that IKEA is highly customer centric. Organizations today have also begun to include their corporate social responsibility in their vision and mission statement. While the vision statement of IKEA is too broad, Tesco has accepted its corporate social responsibility by including the community in its vision statement. For the customers, IKEA has the objective of increasing their customer base and retaining its

Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF)

Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) The objectives of this study were to determine the reliability and validity of a Malay-version questionnaire Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) among respondents. METHODS Participant Target population for this study is primiparous mothers who gave birth to a single, healthy, term infant who were planning on breastfeeding were eligible to participate in this study. The study applied convenience sampling, in which researcher recruited volunteer primiparous mother who have delivered baby and hospitalized at postnatal ward, Hospital USM between one to three days. Mothers were excluded if they had a factor that could significantly interfere with breastfeeding, such as a mother whose illness, have maternity complication or infant admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and the infant had a condition that prevented ingestion of breast milk via the breast such as cleft palate. Sample Size For the sample size, the study needed 38 of respondents to validate the questionnaire base on the internal consistency of the items from previous study. Cronbachs alpha will be used to measure reliability because it is the most common form of internal consistency reliability coefficient. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for internal consistency of the items from previous study was 0.89 (Wutke, Dennis, 2006). The sample size was determined by using Stats ToDo software. The questionnaire will be administered to primiparous mothers which breastfed their baby after delivered to one week postpartum. Sample size calculation where; Type I Error (ÃŽ ±) = 0.05 Cronbachs Alpha expected or required = 0.8 Power (1-ÃŽ ²) = 0.8 Testing Null Hypothesis against Ref Alpha of = 0.6 Number of items = 14 Delta (ÃŽ ´= (1-Ref Alpha) / (1 Alpha)) = 2 Sample size required = 38 Instrument Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale The confidence level will be measured by using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short-Form (BSES-SF) which was adapted from a previous study (Dennis, 1999, 2003) with the permission from the author. The BSES-SF is used to assess breastfeeding confidence among mothers intending to breastfeed and has had extensive use and evaluation in a wide variety of settings and populations (Dai Dennis, 2003; Dennis, 1999; Dennis, 2002; Dennis, 2003; Dennis, Hodnett, Gallop, Chalmers, 2002). Breastfeeding confidence and self-efficacy have sometimes been used interchangeably in prior literature. For the purposes of this study, the term of â€Å"confidence† is preferred. It is a 14 item self-report instrument developed to measure a mother’s perceived ability to breastfeed her infant. All items are preceded by the phrase â€Å"I can always†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and use a five-point Likert scale for rating from 1 (â€Å"not at all confident†) to 5 (â€Å"always confident†). Items ratings will be summed to produce a total score from 14 to 70, with higher scores indicating higher confidence. The means score points will be used as the cut-off point between high and low scorers. This instrument is based on the breastfeeding self-efficacy theory, and was synthesized from a longer tool. It has been utilized in women as early as 36 weeks gestation and found to predict breastfeeding continuation up to three months postpartum. Dennis, (2003) who also were using the BSES-SF, found that BSES-SF was a good measurement tool for evaluating breastfeeding self-efficacy. The original BSES-SF (English version), the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for internal consistency of the items is 0.89 (Wutke Dennis, 2006). This questionnaire will take about six to ten minutes to fill up. Translation process The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short-Form (BSES-SF) in English version will be translated into national language which is Malay language in order to help the respondent understand the questions. The translation was done by two people who are experts in both English and Malay language using back translation technique. The questionnaire was sent to linguistic department and two bilingual experts were invited in translation process. Back translation is the process of translating a document that has already been translated into a foreign language back to the original language. Thus, through the translation and back-translation process and expert review, minor alterations were made to the instrument to improve clarity and eliminate cultural bias and translation inaccuracies. Then, the content and face validity will be done. VALIDITY TEST Content validity Validityis theabilityof aninstrumenttomeasurewhatit is supposedtomeasure. This questionnaire has been validated by five experts from; obstetrics and gynecology specialist, midwifery, and health education, linguistics and statistician to determine the validity of the content. The experts were invited to review, evaluated and provide feedback on the content of each BSES-SF item. This is to comply with the recommendations Sekaran which is to ensure reliability, the question shall be given to the experts made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the correction and evaluation called Expert Judgment Validity (Sekaran, 2005). Based on this evaluation, five modifications were made: (1) the item â€Å"I can always motivate myself to breastfeed successfully† was changed to â€Å"I can always motivate myself to do well at breastfeeding,† (2) the item â€Å"I can always breastfeed my baby without using formula as a supplement† was changed to â€Å"I can exclusively breastfed my baby without using formula as a supplement to at least 4 months,† (3) the item â€Å"I can always refrain from bottle feeding for the first 4 weeks† was changed to â€Å"I can refrain from exclusively bottle feeding for the first month,† (4) the item â€Å"I can always feed my baby with breast milk only† was changed to â€Å"I can always feed my baby with breast milk only for at least 4 months,† and (5) the item â€Å"I can always keep feeling that I really want to breastfeed my baby for at least 6 weeks† was changed to â€Å"I can always keep feeling that I really want to breastfeed my baby for at least one and a half months.† The modified instrument was presented to the experts a final time and after several discussions, all items were considered relevant to Malay speaking mothers. Face validity Finally, the translated BSES-SF was administered to five respondents which are primiparous mothers who have breastfeed their baby and hospitalized at postnatal ward during the first to three days postpartum. This recruitment as a part of this study to identify the problems in the translated questionnaire. This method requires researchers to ask participants to rephrase the items using their own words immediately after answering the items. Respondent’s suggestions for the improvement of the questions were noted and were being analyzed and discussed with the experts. This allows the researchers to assess whether respondents understand the items totally as well as to evaluate the comprehension and readability of the Malay BSES-SF version. PILOT TEST AND RELIABILITY TEST Results from content and face validity actually improve the items in the questionnaire to be applied in this study. After making improvements, the questionnaire was done a pilot study on 30 respondents at postnatal ward, Hospital USM to test the reliability of the questionnaire. RESULT Internal Consistency Reliability of instrument refers to the extent to which an instruments score is consistent or stable (Ananda, 2007). Reliability is obtained when the same result each time the test is made. Thus, the reliability of the instrument can be defined as a standard of measurement that is free from error in which they give consistent answers. According to Sekaran (2005), the closer to 1.0 Coefficient of reliability, the reliability is higher. Generally, reliability of less than 0.60 can be defined reliability is low, in the range of 0.70 if it is acceptable, while above 0.80 indicates higher reliability. Therefore, the questionnaire in this study can be categorized as good and reliable for use in this study. The IBM SPSS Statistics Version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results of a pilot study of 30 respondents are as follows: The internal consistency of the translated BSES-SF was evaluated by considering the following: (1) item summary statistics; (2) inter- item correlations; (3) corrected item-total correlations; (4) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient; and (5) the alpha estimate when an item was deleted (Strickland,1996). Poorly functioning items were defined as (1) items that when deleted increased the alpha coefficient by more than 0.10 or (2) items that had a corrected item-total correlation less than 0.30. Cronbach’s alpha for the translated BSES-SF was 0.87; there was no increase of more than 0.10 in Cronbach’s alpha with removal of any item. The Cronbach’s alpha estimated when an item was dropped from the scale ranged from .86 to .87. All corrected item-total correlations were positive ,the lowest item-total correlation was 0.37 and the highest was 0.73, with 92.8 %, falling within the recommended range of 0.30–0.70. The mean BSES-SF score was 56.74 (SD _7. 01). The ov er all item mean was 4.05, ranging from 3.74 to 4.39. The item variance mean was 0.65, ranging from 0.35 to 0.96. Table 1: Reliability Statistics Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short-Form (BSES-SF) Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .877 14 Table 2: Item Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted Saya sentiasa dapat memastikan bayi saya mendapat susu yang mencukupi .376 .876 Saya sentiasa dapat mengatasi masalah penyusuan sepertimana tugasan mencabar yang lain .586 .867 Saya sentiasa dapat memberikan susu ibu kepada bayi saya tanpa menggunakan susu formula sebagai makanan tambahan .500 .871 Saya sentiasa boleh memastikan mulut bayi saya sentiasa melekap dengan betul bagi keseluruhan tempoh penyusuan .543 .868 Saya sentiasa dapat menguruskan situasi penyusuan dengan rasa puas hati .595 .866 Saya sentiasa mampu menyusu bayi walaupun bayi saya sedang menangis .729 .859 Saya sentiasa mempunyai keinginan untuk menyusukan bayi .446 .873 Saya sentiasa dapat menyusu bayi dengan selesa walaupun dengan kehadiran ahli keluarga yang lain .472 .872 Saya sentiasa berpuas hati dengan pengalaman penyusuan saya .565 .868 Saya sentiasa dapat menerima hakikat bahawa penyusuan anak memang mengambil masa yang lama .453 .873 Saya sentiasa dapat menghabiskan penyusuan bayi dengan satu payu dara sebelum beralih kepada payudara yang satu lagi .531 .869 Saya sentiasa dapat menyusukan bayi setiap kali waktu penyusuan .605 .865 Saya sentiasa memenuhi keinginan bayi saya apabila dia ingin menyusu .586 .866 Saya sentiasa tahu apabila bayi saya sudah habis menyusu .640 .864 Table 3: Mean Minimum Maximum Range Maximum / Minimum Variance Item Means 4.053 3.737 4.395 .658 1.176 .030 Item Variances .652 .353 .956 .602 2.704 .027 Inter-Item Correlations .340 -.018 .683 .701 -38.161 .020 Table 4: Statistics for Scale N Mean Variance SD 14 56.74 49.064 7.005 Procedures After university and hospital ethics was obtained, eligible mothers were recruited in hospital from the postnatal ward by a researcher. Potential participants were identified by the researcher at 1 to 3 days postpartum from the registry book in the postnatal ward. The eligible participants who are willing to participate in this study has been approached, they will be given further explanation clearly to understand the aims of the study. Once the participant expressed an interest and willingness to participate, they will be provided with inform consent, which is must be documented and signed. After that, finalize translated BSES-SF Malay questionnaire was administered to the participants as soon as possible after respondent agreed and volunteer to answer the questions. The respondents were given self-administered questionnaires and the researcher will be waiting until respondents completed answer the questions and the completed answer questionnaire were collected back at the same time after the respondent has finished answering all the questions. Limitation of the study It is a pilot study, so the small number of samples is the most limitation of the study. DISCUSSION Psychometrics properties The results from this methodological study are consistent with the original study (Dennis Faux, 1999) and provide evidence that the translated BSES is a reliable measure of BSE among a representative sample of Malay women in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The Cronbach’s a was .88, exceeding the recommended a for established instruments (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). CONCLUSION The BSES-SF Malay version is reliable and valid for assessing mothers’ breastfeeding confidence. 1

Essay --

Based on research, Gen Y seek more workplace flexibility, better balance between their workplace and personal life, to give themselves a higher job satisfaction.To accommodate to this need, HR in companies can adapt with a a flexible work hour. This includes shifting their work hours to accommodate their own schedules and are interested in working outside the office where they can stay connected by way of technology. Gen Y believe that the 40 hours per week target can be achieved in a more smarter way, where they could also give an effective productivity. Generation Y occupants are not convinced that such early career sacrifices are worth the potential rewards. A balance between their personal and work lives is more important to them. While the elder generations are confined in a strict 8am-5pm schedule, flexible work hour which emphasises only on a few hours of core hours in work should be introduced. For example, this core hours are the compulsory hours in which employee should be in office. During this time, engagement sessions, discussions and meeting shall be done in order to continue the job efficiently.Besides, HR should also introduce flexibility in timeframe where employee could arrange their workshedule where they work 4 days per week for 10 hours each day, followed by 3 days on leave. This enables them to increase productivity and at the same time provide contribution with the same time constraints. Due to the high priority given to family needs before work, HR can adapt and come up with unique family packages in which they could have a nursery for babies in workplace. This enables working mothers to take care and have an eye on their child while in work. This lifestyle promotes the healthy culture of that organization... ... the jobs we they after. Generation Y commit to the ideal of working smarter, not harder. For the independent Generation Y worker, the 9-5 workday hosts many pockets of wasted time; one being the daily commute. This is what the Generation Y worker thinks about, and why they value an open-minded employer. When applicable, offing your employees a telecommuting option can save time, money and the environment. Do you absolutely need them in the office? Then don’t give telecommuting a second thought, but do extend wellness benefits by offering reimbursements for gym memberships or by replacing swivel chairs with posture-pleasing exercise balls. Also, making conscious steps to keep the company green wherever feasibly possible (i.e. recycling bins, proper disposal of printer cartridges, energy efficient equipment) will help satisfy the socially conscious Generation Y.

The Outsiders Literature Response

The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton original copyright 1967 The protagonists in the book are the Greasers and the antagonists are the Socs. The main characters are Darry, Soda, Dally, Bob, Ponyboy, and Johnny. Darry is tall, muscular, smart and very strict towards Ponyboy. Darry yells at Ponyboy and always seems to expect better from Ponyboy. For example, Darry yells at Ponyboy on page 49, â€Å"Where the heck have you been? Do you know what time it is? He was madder than I had seen him in along time. I shook my head wordlessly. † Soda is always optimistic and lighthearted. One of the only things that bring Soda down is the fact that he is a school dropout who works at a gas station. Soda tries to support Pony when Darry is mad at him but tries not to take sides. Soda explains how he doesn’t like when Darry and Pony fight when he says, â€Å"It’s just†¦I can’t stand to hear y’all fight. Sometimes I have to get out or†¦it’s like I’m the middleman in a tug o’ war and I’m being split in half (page 175). † Dally’s actions, like robbing a store, makes him seem like he is mean and tough but actually he is a very caring person on the inside. An example is when Dally enters the burning church to save Pony and says, â€Å"For Pete’s sake, get outa there! That roof is going to cave in any minute. † Bob is rich and undisciplined by his parents who make him feel like he has the power to do anything he pleases. Bob is intimidating to the Greasers like Johnny and Pony because he has the ability to do almost anything he wants. An example of Bob picking on Pony and Johnny is when he orders a Soc to give Ponyboy a bath in the park fountain by drowning him as a sort of cruel joke (page 55). Ponyboy is more emotional than all of the Greasers and takes feelings in to deeper consideration. Pony is not as violent as other Greasers and is very friendly. An example is when Pony went to the drive-in movie; he easily became friends with the popular Soc cheerleader, Cherry. This shows a lot about his personality because most Socs wouldn’t even want to talk to a Greaser. Johnny is shy, defenseless, and small for his age. He is harshly bullied by the Socs and by his parents. For instance on page 33, Pony describes how Johnny was mugged by the Socs, â€Å"They caught him and one of them had a lot of rings on his hand—that’s why they had cut Johnny up so adly. It wasn’t just that they had beaten him half to death—he could take that. They had scared him. † The setting takes place in a rough town somewhere in the U. S. around the 1960’s. The town is infested with crimes and delinquents. It’s socially divided into two parts, the east where the low-class Greasers live, and the west where the rich Socs live. The Greasers and the Socs are strong rivals who always take the opportunity to fight each other. Therefore, it makes walking down the street a dangerous task with the possibility of being mugged. An example of the environment of this town is in the scene where Ponyboy is mugged by the Socs while he was walking himself home from the movie theater. It’s dangerous for people like Pony to even walk on the city streets without risking being cut up by a Soc. The story starts out with Pony being jumped by the Socs until Pony’s gang rescues him. The next night Pony, Dally, and Johnny go to a drive-in movie and meet two girl Socs, Cherry and Marcia. By the end of the night Pony and Cherry become good friends. Before returning home Pony and Johnny go to a vacant lot to talk. They both fell asleep in the lot and woke up around 2 A. M. Pony goes back home only to find Darry as mad as ever. Darry lectures Pony about his curfew and ends up hitting him. Ponyboy becomes overwhelmed and decides to run away with Johnny. Pony and Johnny walk to the park until they notice the Socs approaching them. Bob is mad that the Cherry and Marcia were interacting with the Greasers; so he decides to mug both Johnny and Pony. The Socs begin to drown Ponyboy in the fountain until Johnny stabs Bob. The Socs then began to flee. Ponyboy and Johnny need help from Dally to run away while avoiding being arrested for murder. Dally tells them how to escape to Windrixville and survive behind an old church. Dally checks up on them in a week and tells Johnny that Cherry had testified that the murder had just been an act of self-defense. Johnny decides to turn himself in; so Dally drives them back until they notice that the church was on fire. Pony and Johnny run inside and rescue the kids that are trapped. Pony barely escapes, but Johnny was more severely hurt and ends up dying in the hospital. Dally becomes depressed because of all the misfortunes so, he commits an armed robbery at a grocery store. The police chase Dally to a lot where they kill him for armed robbery. Pony becomes traumatized because of all of the drastic events and deaths of his close friends. The main conflict in the story is when both Pony and Johnny are jumped at the park by the Socs. The Socs start to drown Pony in the fountain until Johnny stabs Bob. The Socs immediately fled to their cars and drove away. This conflict type person vs. person, in this case it would be the Socs (particularly Bob) vs. Johnny and Ponyboy. This conflict was external because it was made up actions. A minor conflict would be when Ponyboy is in great sorrow because of Johnny’s recent death. Pony can’t get over the fact that one of his closest friends, who actually deeply cared about him, died just overnight. This conflict type is a person vs. self; this is internal because it involves Pony’s feelings. An example of a person vs. nature conflict is when the church burns down. Johnny and Pony frantically enter the burning church to save the children form the fire. This is a person vs. nature conflict because the fire, which is part of nature, burns down the church which affects Ponyboy, Johnny, and the children who are trapped inside. The story is told for Ponyboy Curtis’s point of view. The author may have chosen this point of view because it would be easier to understand the story through a fourteen year old boy’s perspective and it may also make the book more appealing to teenagers. This point of view is critical to the story because it’s from the perspective of an outsider who thinks life isn’t fair to them. This story would have been altered if it were from the point of view of a Soc because the Socs feel as if they can do what ever they want and get what ever they want. If that had happened then the story would have been talking about how bad the Greasers were and how fabulous the Socs were. The mood in this story is bitter and unruly, especially for the Greasers because of their low status in life. The atmosphere is violent because of gang fights and various crimes. The story’s mood and atmosphere change when Pony and Johnny go to the country. The mood changes from harsh to quiet and relaxed because of the smaller population in the country. Here is an example of a mood and atmosphere change in the country (pg 63), â€Å"We lay in the tall weeds and damp grass, breathing heavily. The dawn was coming. It was lightening the sky in the east and a ray of gold touched the hills. The clouds were pink and meadow larks were singing. † The underlying message and theme of the story is the line, â€Å"Stay gold. † Stay gold means that you should remain young and wondrous because nothing stays gold forever. Johnny’s letter to Ponyboy explains that you are gold when you are a kid. Johnny says that the way Pony like sunsets is gold and to remain gold forever.

Free Essays on Gangs In The US

Violence is a part of life out here. In our ‘hood you see violence all the time, and that’s what time it is. Either you stay ready or it’s gonna get you... To me, selling dope is the best thing a young girl can do in trying to make it in the streets. Call us a gang or whatever you want. What we is, is getting paid. – Dewana, 20, member of drug gang (Taylor:1993, 32) Violence is a reality for the youth of America, gang violence being one of the fastest growing forms. While overall crime rates have decreased, it is becoming more common for the youth to the perpetrators. Our youth are increasingly the perpetrators and victims of some of society’s most violent crimes. Until recently, the rate of youth violence has climed drastically, between 1984 and 1993, the rate of homicides commited by juveniles increased 169%. (Walker:1993, 506) Gangs have become violent street families for many of our youth. Less than twenty years ago fewer than half of US cities reported gang activity, now 95% of the largest cities and 88% of smaller cities suffer gang-related crime. With the ever increasing population, according to demographic experts there will be a doubling of juvenile arrests for violent crimes by the year 2010. (US Department of Justice) Luckily with action these numbers can be changed. The facts of recent studies provide proof for an alternative outcome: o Over the past five years, violence- and especially murder- commited by young people has declined. o While the juvenile violent crime arrest rate increased 62% between 1987 and 1993, it decresed 2.9% in 1995, the first decline in seven years. o The juvenile murder arrest declined 15.2% in 1995- the largest one year decrease in more than ten years. o Since 1993, the juvenile murder arrest rate has dropped 22.8% (US Department of Justice) It has only been until recent years that the study of youth crimes has gained momentum, so far we know that: - Only a small fractio... Free Essays on Gangs In The US Free Essays on Gangs In The US Violence is a part of life out here. In our ‘hood you see violence all the time, and that’s what time it is. Either you stay ready or it’s gonna get you... To me, selling dope is the best thing a young girl can do in trying to make it in the streets. Call us a gang or whatever you want. What we is, is getting paid. – Dewana, 20, member of drug gang (Taylor:1993, 32) Violence is a reality for the youth of America, gang violence being one of the fastest growing forms. While overall crime rates have decreased, it is becoming more common for the youth to the perpetrators. Our youth are increasingly the perpetrators and victims of some of society’s most violent crimes. Until recently, the rate of youth violence has climed drastically, between 1984 and 1993, the rate of homicides commited by juveniles increased 169%. (Walker:1993, 506) Gangs have become violent street families for many of our youth. Less than twenty years ago fewer than half of US cities reported gang activity, now 95% of the largest cities and 88% of smaller cities suffer gang-related crime. With the ever increasing population, according to demographic experts there will be a doubling of juvenile arrests for violent crimes by the year 2010. (US Department of Justice) Luckily with action these numbers can be changed. The facts of recent studies provide proof for an alternative outcome: o Over the past five years, violence- and especially murder- commited by young people has declined. o While the juvenile violent crime arrest rate increased 62% between 1987 and 1993, it decresed 2.9% in 1995, the first decline in seven years. o The juvenile murder arrest declined 15.2% in 1995- the largest one year decrease in more than ten years. o Since 1993, the juvenile murder arrest rate has dropped 22.8% (US Department of Justice) It has only been until recent years that the study of youth crimes has gained momentum, so far we know that: - Only a small fractio...

Free Essays on Terrorism & America

Terrorism & America Terrorism wasn’t something that Americans thought much of up until the 1990’s. Prior to the 90’s, Americans felt secure against any major political violence at home. Since then, we have been introduced to growing ways of our vulnerability. With 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 killing 169 has raised the possibility of a sustained campaign of violence on U.S. soil. There hasn’t been a war on U.S. soil since the Civil War. The problem with terrorism now is that we don’t know what to expect. The hostility built up mostly in the Middle East has yet to seriously backfire on us. We have to understand what terrorism is and how to deal with it in order to take part in counter terrorism. Terrorist’s actions aren’t considered acts of war. Rather, proof that they can beat us and get away at it. Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines terrorism as  ¹the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.  ²An atmosphere of threat or violence. What Americans really think of when something like 9/11 or the Oklahoma City bombings happen is, why? Definition What terrorism really is as far as the U.S. government sees it is, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience.† This definition has four main elements. The first, premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit the act that would qualify as terrorism. It isn’t a matter of accident. The second element, political motivation, is what all terrorists have in common and separates them from other violent criminals, it is the claim to be serving some greater good. The noncombatant target element explains itself. Terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return. The final part of terrorism deals with sub national groups. This would be a... Free Essays on Terrorism & America Free Essays on Terrorism & America Terrorism & America Terrorism wasn’t something that Americans thought much of up until the 1990’s. Prior to the 90’s, Americans felt secure against any major political violence at home. Since then, we have been introduced to growing ways of our vulnerability. With 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 killing 169 has raised the possibility of a sustained campaign of violence on U.S. soil. There hasn’t been a war on U.S. soil since the Civil War. The problem with terrorism now is that we don’t know what to expect. The hostility built up mostly in the Middle East has yet to seriously backfire on us. We have to understand what terrorism is and how to deal with it in order to take part in counter terrorism. Terrorist’s actions aren’t considered acts of war. Rather, proof that they can beat us and get away at it. Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines terrorism as  ¹the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.  ²An atmosphere of threat or violence. What Americans really think of when something like 9/11 or the Oklahoma City bombings happen is, why? Definition What terrorism really is as far as the U.S. government sees it is, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience.† This definition has four main elements. The first, premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit the act that would qualify as terrorism. It isn’t a matter of accident. The second element, political motivation, is what all terrorists have in common and separates them from other violent criminals, it is the claim to be serving some greater good. The noncombatant target element explains itself. Terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return. The final part of terrorism deals with sub national groups. This would be a...

The Official Language Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Official Language Movement - Research Paper Example Analyzing the history of the United States, one can find that multilingual communities have managed to survive side by side. In its initial stage, many of them have considered Official Language Movement as a way to block bilingual education programs. But through the declaration of Official Language Act in 2001, the Bilingual Education Act was replaced (Schaefer, 2006, p. 244). Immigrants from, Mexico, Spain, Germany, Ireland and many African nations have entered the United States and became a part of its social, political and constitutional practices. Bilingualism and multilingualism preserve the requirements of various immigrant communities. In the United States, bilingual or multilingual education is generally considered as a supporting program for children with limited English proficiency. Recent studies prove that 73 percentages of Hispanic population favor school districts offering various bilingual education programs compared to 53 percent of non Hispanic population. Hispanic groups in the United States explore their cultural interest through their support in bilingualism in mainstream education (Schaefer, 2006, p. 243). Experts have revealed different opinions about the effectiveness of bilingual or multilingual education. ... Hispanic groups raised a new Hispanic American Cultural interest through their active participation in bilingual education programs. They demand the prevention of high school dropouts and Hispanic paucity in colleges (Schaefer, 2006, p. 243). The web article entitled Bilingual Education: A Goal for All Children observes; â€Å"Bilingual education is a prerequisite for establishing a school environment that welcomes all students' cultures, sends a positive message to students, and sets the groundwork for a relationship of respect and equality between schools and all families and communities† (Bilingual Education: A Goal for All Children 2011). Immigrant community in the United States demands a type of education to meet the needs of their children to shape them for the competitive job markets. Through the implementation of No Children Left Behind Act (NCLB), new programs and researches took place in the field of bilingual education. Studies prove that more than 14 million childr en who come from households not use English as their first spoken language (.The Importance of Bilingual Education, 2007). I f we fail to give proper education, many will drop-out from schools and many will grow up illiterate. Here one can feel the relevance of bilingual programs in mainstream education. Lack of experienced teachers and well designed teaching strategies contribute practical obstacles in strengthening bilingual or multilingual program. Many political parties in U.S have acknowledged the growing influence of Hispanic groups in the election process during the last 30 years. At present Federal Law demands bilingual or multilingual ballots in voting (Schaefer, 2006, p. 244). As

Myth & Wrestling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Myth & Wrestling - Essay Example 4The belief that fighting as many views wrestling is a preserve for men because again many belief women to be soft and not able to tolerate the physical exchange involved. 1.12. Overweight wresting Traditionally, overweight was not believed to be a major cause for worry in many traditions. 5In fact many are the cultures that associate body mass with being a well to do person and therefore lack of it was interpreted to mean starvation or 'not doing so well'. The underlying belief was that in order to gain weight, one had to be eating well and conversely, eating well meant that one was having enough to spend on food. Such society was simple and technological advancement had not caught up with the people, having enough food to put on the table implied that one was meeting their basic needs and therefore were well to do. Therefore overweight was something, which the society treasured and valued, and therefore those overweight or with much weight were considered fit for wrestling and the other culturally viable tasks associated with it. Today, the myth about wrestling still remains albeit with some little new meanings to it. 6The connotation attached to wrestling is one in which wrestlers are viewed as tough, by being tough or purporting to be tough the society sees in a wrestler a champion, someone who is dependable, one who can protect some one who can sire an offspring, capable of defense, toughness as depicted is a virtue. Wrestling is the epitome of power, authority and control. The above are achieved through cohesion, use of force, blackmailing and manipulation. Toughness is to be adored, to be revered and at the same time to be countered with an equal measure of... The author of the essay "Myth & Wrestling" begins with that myth is the hidden set of rules and conventions through which meanings, which are in reality specific to certain groups are made to seem universal and given for a whole society. Myth can serve to precipitate fear, to uphold status quo, to guide and serve as a road map towards cultural believes and practices. Wrestling, applied to myth can take the three different meaning so that several cultural values are attached to it. These may include masculinity as many cultures attach or connect masculinity to protectionism, the way wrestling is contacted makes clear that the society is agreeing to by spectating acts depicted in wrestling, whether fictional or real , in a wresting game, value of the masculinity the ingenuity with which wrestlers ruthlessly handle each other is a clear sign that, in wrestling there are deeper meanings. Just to emphasize masculinity, contesters are usually heavy and well build. Culturally a man underweight would never pass for wrestling auditions. It is almost un-ethic to even think about wrestling if one does not confer to the se values and standards. Myths for a long time has determined and chatted the way forward for man, this is evident in the way different meanings as embedded to different actions, tries and objects. Myths play and will continue to play a very positive role in the society. Currently the mystery in myth especially in wresting provides a better and deeper meaning which is essential to understand cultural meanings.

Trends of societal role Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trends of societal role - Research Paper Example The researcher was burdened to uplift the view of the paternal role in terms of his involvement with his child, thus bringing forth the present study which integrates both quantitative and qualitative research methods, and which could aid future investigations in both areas upon reviewing this literature. Kazura (2000) purposes to look into the father and child relationship through the latter’s involvement in attachment behaviors, play interactions, and social interactions (p. ?). The research conduction is brief, lasting only a few minutes including the Strange Situation procedure and the three play segments, or probably a few hours if we take into account the home visits conducted by the primary investigator. This may seem inadequate, but its cross-sectional design is acceptable as the same is used in other studies; however, we should not neglect the possibility of different results if there is alteration in the time frame. Kazura presents several information in her paper, w hich would allow other researchers to review on. She explains the basics of her study thoroughly, and provides enough statistical data, leaving this study open for future modifications. Using Kazura’s study, analytical skills will be demonstrated in understanding the components of her research and judging them according to the expected deftness achieved in this course. In the present research, Kazura studies both qualitative and quantitative father-child relationships by digging deeper in their attachment, play, and social interactions.... Prior to this, several other undertakings aimed to explore father involvement in child-rearing as women take part in the workforce. Although society noticed that fathers somehow started to be involved with the previously solely-mother role, there are still contentions about their involvement and the influence of their presence as caregivers, especially in the early years of their children, are questioned. Kazura presented previous literature that discussed the hindrances of father involvement to child-rearing in the first few years of life but these were not specifically typified. Providing evidences that the relationship between the quantity and quality of fathering behaviors are not firmly established and that the length of time parents spend with their children does necessarily affect the latter’s developmental outcomes, the researcher intends to collaborate both quantitative and qualitative methods in determining parental involvement with their children, and uses this to c ome up with her hypothesis and conclusions. Because one of the researcher’s goals is to compare paternal to maternal involvement, intact families were chosen to be a part of the sample, which were obtained by convenience sampling, recruited through newspaper advertisements and local child-care centers. The 27 couples with their children belong to the middle-class, composing of 24 Caucasian families, two African-American families, and one Eastern Indian family. The children ranged from 12 to 26 months, where there were 14 males and 13 females. The sample size is small, considering that results of the study would tend to generalize the father-child

Definition of Nursing Essay Example for Free

Definition of Nursing Essay The definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association describes a framework that incorporates caring and health promotion. It is far reaching and intentionally inclusive to all fellow human beings. It has a goal to advocate and help decrease any element of suffering. Nursing is a professional body which strongly advocates the advancement of professional knowledge. Scholarly resources are used to anchor our credibly with research findings. The use of objective data develops processes to improve outcomes of care. Attentions are focused on human action and reactions to changes in health. The body of nursing  acts as influential body to impact social justice. The definition opens the scope of similarities and difference in approach where nurses can provide optimal care for their patients. The metaparadigm concepts: person, health, environment and nursing are platforms in which the protection, health promotion and goal to alleviate suffering can be developed. Dr Jean Watson, a nurse theorist is best now for her work on human caring. She asserts caring as central focus for nursing. Caring serves as pivot to the metaparadigm concepts. She found nurses who were not able to practice caring became harsh and brittle (as cited in Watson, 2009, p.467). As I work with my patients I now realize how my plans of care are based on theses metapadigm concepts. I frequently ask my coworkers what worked best for the patient and why. Then I incorporate that in my daily plan of care. References Watson, J. (2009). Caring science and human caring theory:transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and healthcare. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration,31(4), 466-483.

george harrison Essay -- essays research papers

George Harold Harrison, the youngest Beatle, was born February 25, 1943. He had two brothers, Harold Jr. and Peter, and a sister, Louise. His mother, Louise, was a housewife, and his father, Harold, was a bus driver.George's initial interest in the guitar came about slowly. His mother remembers that she started finding paper covered in drawings of guitars among his school things. So, she bought George an old second hang guitar from one of his class mates for three pounds. George tried to teach himself to play, but his progresswas slow. He sometimes stayed up all night playing until his fingers bled. George attended Dovendale Primary School, two forms behind John Lennon, and then he attended Liverpool Institute, one form behind Paul McCartney. George and Paul took the same bus to school, and soon found they had music and guitars in common. George and his brother Peter had formed a Skiffle band, and because they were so young, they had to sneak out of the house to play their first engagement. Paul introduced the skinny and pimple-faced George to the Quarrymen, who was only 14 at the time. Not old enough to join the group, George hung around with the boys, and came to idolize John, doing everything he could to emulate him. George stood in the back of the room at all their shows with his guitar. A few times he filled in for the regular guitarist who didn't show up, and the boys were also welcomed in George's house by his mother to practice and for an occasional "jam buttie&...

Krakatoa

Krakatau (Krakatoa) is said to have created the worst volcanic eruptions in history in May 1883. Ancient Krakatoa formed in 419 AD and still exists today in Indonesia. That explosion in 1883 created 130 foot tsnamis which affects were felt by north and south America all along the Sundra Strait even as far as England ,it also destroyed 130 coastal homes, two ports (Indonesia and Australia) , killed about 36,000 people and formed a volcanic ash cloud that reached 17 miles high encasing the earth within 3 days. The eruption created very load explosions and was heard 3,000 miles from Java. Some people even believe the drop in temperature and spectacular sunsets over the next three years were directly caused by the eruption. Krakatoa erupted many times over its lifetime but the most historic and dangerous eruption occured on August 27 1883 when the volcano literally â€Å"blew itself to bits† destroying 75% of itself along with many people and animals living near coastlines of Australia and Indonesia. In 1988 Krakatoa erupted again in February and continued erupting through to March 16 which was when small lava flows were reported flowing from the crater, it then continued through to April with continuous explosions and plumes of fire. November 12 1992 Krakatoa erupted again with such intensity it caused lava bombs to shoot out over the north coast and had lava flowing into the sea. In 1883 the eruption lasted from August 23 to 27,in 1988 explosive eruptions lasted February through to April and in 1992 the eruptions lasted the longest from 7 November 1992 through to August 14 1993. The 1992 eruption caused lava flows up to 1 kilometer to the north adding 100 meters to the coastline. New vents have formed due to the eruptions and these in turn have led to the creation of a new volcanic island which is known as Anuk Krakatoa (â€Å"child of Krakatoa†) the island is active and grows approximately 13cm each week. Krakatoa is still grumbling away today ready to explode, in fact the last eruption was in 2001. This concludes that it is still active and likely to â€Å"blow it's top off† anytime.

The Challenges between a Muslim and non-Muslim after 9/11

There is tremendous tumult of voices after the news was aired. The media was centered on the busiest city of the world – New York. Even today many have not failed to raise a pen, even poets, artists, students and professionals, the unlearned and learned all are in awe. The sad destiny of those who perished at the Ground Zero can not be erased in memory and much more to those who were left behind. These are the Muslims and non-Muslims who still survived but are now living in the ashes of indifference, of terror and pain. Many are written about the issue but the three articles of Aidi, Marty and Asani is worthy to be discerned.The first article challenges plurality and the other speaks about fundamentalism and the last one equates Pan-Africanism to Islam. All of which are beliefs not only in terms of religion but a very specific knowledge by which man go through life which transcends his earthly existence. More than seven years ago, The Ground Zero boasted for its twin towers, e ach earthly dominion rested on their laurels, there could be havoc around on some parts of the world but a non-Muslim and a Muslim could occupy the same space without qualms or pretence.After the 9/11 when thousands of American citizens were slain, killings had also begun to the so called perpetuators akin. Vehemently, even if sin is personal the debt would be somehow carried on to the next generations. Man by destiny always inherits the sin of his first parents, as any good works are wagged which serves as inspirations for the younger ones? The challenges that Muslim and non-Muslim faces today is on how each one of them foster universality among their many diverse beliefs and how to remove the fears that those beliefs brought about which was clouded by the strand of hatred and ignorance.Today, co-existence between a Muslim and non-Muslim presupposed a barrier an unequal yoke so may say. The catastrophe left a mark of indifference that is antagonistic to both and it is no longer the hues we talked about but the creed of one nation between another. Succinctly, Muslims are even called the new niggers of today’s world of discrimination (Aidi, 2002). Moreover, it is not easy to justify pain because in the last analysis it is an evil that must be eradicated by all costs.It is only divine wisdom that can only justify pain and somehow alien to an understanding of a regular man. To the Muslims, a life well lived will serve as an example that his belief is not erroneous and he in his own belief wishes to co-exist with others. His belief in the Quran in the days that will come will be a challenge of its authenticity that the â€Å"noblest among you is the most god-fearing of you. (Quran 49:13). † Essentially when we say god-fearing man is the respecter of truth.Muslims, young and old is challenge by the world to live by its faith, and if god-fearing why the erroneous doctrine of that lone killer pilot blown in a blaze those two Manhattan skyscrapers? When in Quran 111 God is a respecter of freedom. God created man differently so that they may know and understand each other (Asani, 2003). The Muslims who have submitted to the truth has a great relevance to show the world the real essence and truth of their beliefs. They are the ones who should stand up and defend their faith on those who uses religiosity for personal gains and politics.Non-Muslims on the other hand, must seek the truth in defiance of prejudices and other extremes, with his Muslim brothers he must defend peace and pluralism that the country had earnestly guarded throughout the centuries. The Americas should test where he’s ground stand, if it is solid and firm and if its faith still rest in God. Non-Muslims, Christians and non-Christians and even due to ignorance are disbeliever of God, in the virtue of wanting to exist he must also be respectable to the life of others behaving in a fashion that still welcoming even in the face of odds.Martin Marty elaborated in his work â€Å"the Future of World Fundamentalisms† that we must make eschatological verifications or reaffirm if a movement does not lead to a polity that runs on compromises or any revivalism or reactivation of a militant Islamic tradition (Marty, 1998). Reactive agents according to Marty are inconspicuous, adaptive and improvisatory but are directly assertive. It is good to know what is under those rubrics of belief, whether that so called useful knowledge does not disdain its members of uncongenial acts worthy of suspicion.It is always good to know the wolf inside the sheep skin because a terrorized world can not afford to make the same mistakes again. Muslims and non-Muslim have one in common and that is to decipher the truth not only in terms of their religiosity and beliefs but on how each and every one lives a life of normal existence. The greatest challenge for the Muslim and non-Muslims in the post 9/11 is to unite in bringing this world to peace so the lives lost in the catastrophes are not wasted. Both must survive the struggle to be whole again in the fight of terrorism.Each one in whatever state in life must still nurture the gift of patience and kindness despite of confusion that is going on in this world. Man’s religion may have existed since civilization began and the only real truth about it was that the difference between a supernatural and human beliefs. Human beliefs tend to materialism and are bounded by space and corners while supernatural beliefs, leads to freedom and love. In fact, love is the only thing that stands still when all else has fallen.And only a true religion bears this sign. Charity removes obstacles, it builds bridges and any learning that is void of this elementary truth is a deceit. This is a great challenge not only to Muslims or non-Muslims to non-believers or future converts but to the whole world at large. Love makes a great difference to what is it that differentiates a human from a beast form and a goodish from a noble being. For a Muslim and a non-Muslim, there is no reason to fear because in their hearts the truth is already been written.

Bomb shelter Essays

Bomb shelter Essays Bomb shelter Essay Bomb shelter Essay Bomb Shelter You own a bomb shelter. It can hold all of your loved ones, and has room for five other individuals. Using the list below, select five individuals to take with you into the bomb shelter if a nuclear war is imminent. 1 . Space Engineer- has worked with NASA and is valued for knowledge in all aspects of nuclear physics, chemistry, genetics and biochemistry. 2. Police office- has worked in inner city environments. Is strong, honest, and able to deal with authority. 3. Social Worker- Is respected for ability to work within the system to protect the lifer of clients. Works with abused children and the abusive parents 4. Flight Attendant- Is valued for the ability to keep calm in crisis. Has survived a crash and was helpful in saving lives of passengers. Well reason for keeping ,this individual seems to work well under pressure , also has first aid, C P R and knowledge experience of dealing with all types of attitudes for survival. 5. Lawyer- has worked as a county prosecutor, in legal aid, private practice, and is up for a district court Judgeship. 6. Minister- Known for complete faith in God and knowledge of the Bible. Is knowledgeable about all religions of the world and their philosophies. 7. Jazz Pianist- Is well respected as a composer and musician. Has produced an album. 8. Librarian- Is very knowledgeable about many areas of study, including husbandry, space, science fiction, news and world events, etc. This person is needed to keep others occupied with knowledge and with expertise and also a people person with a fair social concept of relation and survival. 9. Agricultural Specialist- Has worked in state extension services and is very knowledgeable about horticulture. To utilize expertise Rexroth and cultivation to food also a determined individual to not except defeat. 10. Mechanic- Is known for being able to fix anything mechanical. Head strong individual that enjoys repairing and having a inventive imagination for mechanical surrounding for transportation and military equipotent physically inclined. 11. 1 1 . Carpenter- When there is work to be done, works hard and long hours to complete a project. Hard working, determined individual also with imagination and physically inclined. 12. Counter Cultural- has lived on communes and was arrested for involvement in protests against nuclear power plants. 13. Disabled Veteran-ls very loyal to government. Served in the Vietnam war. 14. Hair Dresser- has received training in all aspects of cosmetology. Has won several awards for creative hair dressing. 15. Licensed Practical Nurse-Knowledgeable about first aid. Has worked in emergency rooms, intensive care, and pediatrics. Bomb shelter By brightness

Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Example

Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Example Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Over the years, these two words have caused much conflict when dealing with moral issues. Some Christians believe all life is sacred so it should be Gods choice when people should die, and no one elses. On the matters of abortion and euthanasia, some Christians feel it is the mothers right to choose while on the other hand some believe there are no circumstances for it.AbortionWhen dealing with this delicate matter, it raises the point, When Does Life Begin?. Through research, I found this: just as there is a continuum between the acorn and the oak, there is a continuum between me and what I was at conception. The big argument is at what stage in this continuum we become persons. This is an important statement, as it brings our attention to the fact the foetus is actually a person, and we are brought up to believe it is wrong to kill. The Roman Catholic Church believes we become persons at conception, but I dont believe this should stop abortion from taking place, as in my opinion, i t is the mothers right to choose, at any time, in any circumstance. Many would disagree with me.A Christian viewpoint of this would be that it is wrong, but some Christians would make exceptions. This shows that views do differ from religious groups, and a different group, Roman Catholics, do not accept abortion is right under any circumstance, and believe that there should be no legal right to abortion. The view that abortion should be banned starts from the belief that no one should take the life of an innocent person, whatever their conscience tells them. Some Christians would agree with me, that life begins at the moment of conception. They believe that when the sperm and egg come together a unique being is formed with its own genetic make up.Supporters of abortion argue that the foetus does not become a person until it is capable of independent life, which is be somewhere between twenty and twenty four weeks after conception. The argument for this is that its soul is there from the beginning but over the years, Christians viewpoints have changed. Although irrelevant now, in the Middle Ages it was thought that the moment when God breathed life into a child was when it began to move in the womb. This theory is very understandable due to their lack of technology that long ago.Other Christians argue that whether or not the foetus is a person is irrelevant, as it is a potential person, so we should therefore value its potential. To these people whatever the argument, abortion is about killing.The two main views of abortion are: A womans right to choose (pro abortion view) and the right to life (anti abortion view). For most Christians there is the difficult question of what to do when the mothers life is in danger. Clearly, one cannot neglect the mother, so these Christians, who value life, believe the attempt should be to save both.The common question about if the child is going to be disabled, then abortion is just is combated by the Christian viewpoint that everyone has a part to play in Gods plan, therefore no one should be killed.One of the worst problems is rape. It is very unjust that a woman should have a child to a rapist. Some Christians still wouldnt change their views, as they would believe two wrongs dont make a right, however, others would so the decision would be split.Some arguments in favor of abortion:A woman should have the right to choose what happens to her body: This coincides with independence rights.If it becomes more difficult to get legalised abortions, there would be an increase in the number of illegal abortions: Back street abortioning can be dangerous, and why provoke people to break the law.It is wrong to bring unwanted children into the world. They may be neglected and become problems in society: This is straightforward and although one should not judge a person by their background, in some cases this can be true.When pregnancy is the result of rape, the woman should not be forced to continue with the preg nancy: This again coincides with independence rights, and the possibility of neglect through resentment towards the child.Abortion is not murder as it only destroys a collection of cells, which cannot survive outside the womb before the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy: This overlaps with the issue When does life begin, and depending on what Church she belonged to, or her thoughts on the matter, it is in the mothers hands on what she makes of this.A woman who is risking dying should be allowed to abort.(Abortion Reform Group)Some arguments against abortion:The unborn child is alive from the moment of conception and has the right to life. An abortion is child killing (infanticide): This like in the in favor section depends on what the mothers belief is, of when the child is alive.If abortions are easily obtained, they maybe used as another form of contraception, encouraging people to have a more lax attitude to sex: Some Christians believe that sex should be saved for marriage. If the re is a more lax attitude to sex, people are not treating it with the respect some Christians believe it should have.Many couples would want to adopt an unwanted baby, but the numbers of these have been reduced due to abortion: This point would be countered by a Christian in favor of abortion, As long as there are foster homes, there is an abundance of potential foster children.The woman afterwards may feel guilty and depressed and may become suicidal: A Christian view would be to get the woman to a councilor, to avoid this happening.The operation may lead to sterility, or damage the woman for life: A Christian would argue this point.There would be no need for abortion if there were sufficient provision to help them overcome emotional and financial difficulty: This point epitomizes what many Christians would like in society. If emotional and financial difficulty were overcome, then many abortions would not take place.(LIFE)The legal positionFor centuries, abortion was not permitted by law except in extreme cases. E.g. the mothers life at risk. This was changed in 1967 Abortion Act, and was reviewed in 1990 in the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act. The law now states that an abortion can be legally performed up to twenty-four weeks if two doctors agree the mothers health is at risk or if the child will be born abnormal.The Christian positionThe bible doesnt directly refer to abortion, so Christians have to try to get around the Commandment You shalt not kill.Roman Catholics believe life starts at conception therefore abortion is completely wrong. Other Christians, Anglicans, and Methodists, who dont believe life begins until the baby has a chance of surviving independently of its mother. These Christians believe abortion is an evil to be avoided, unless it meant greater evils were avoided.The organization Christians for free choice believe the matter should be left to a womans conscience, which is seen as a guide from God as to what action to take. Continu ing pregnancy therefore should not be forced upon a woman.EuthanasiaWhose life is it anyway? is a common question when euthanasia (from the Greek happy death) is discussed. At this point people take different sides.Humanists believe that everyone owns their own life; while on the other hand Christians believe they belong to God. However, Christians never fail to stress what belonging (in this sense) means. To them it means similar when talking about belonging to your family. E.g., you dont make a decision without consulting with them; therefore, Christians believe Gods will must be accounted for.The greatest difference between Christianity and non-religious viewpoints is how pain is seen. A non-religious person who believes that there is nothing beyond life, a painful death is meaningless. Through Jesus, Christians believe in the cross and thereby believe suffering is a challenge. To Christians If we overcome suffering as part of our commitment to God, we grow as persons. They see s uffering as a positive experience and a means of spiritual growth.Some Christians believe all life is sacred, and believe that God wants people to have quality of life and that all life is sacred.They believe God is love and stopping suffering is a loving thing to do and that The Holy Spirit lives in Christians; Euthanasia destroys Gods temple (Corinthians 3.16-17).Ellen Wilkie, writer and actress, is a good example of a Christian viewpoint on life, Death is not a full stop, its a comma. If you look at the whole of life, death is an activity in the middle. It is not the end. I think this sums up the Christian viewpoint on life, but not on euthanasia as it is hard to tell if she is pro euthanasia or against it.Arguments for euthanasia:We should be able to choose how we die: Many Christians would sum up both sides of the argument, before coming to an answer. God should choose how everyone dies, God wants people to have quality of life.It lessens pain for the patient: The quality of li fe quote overlaps with this argument, as if there is no quality of life, then there is no reason in living.People should not have to live if there is no chance of getting better: Some Christians would say God should choose how everyone dies, to this argument.It stops the suffering of relatives watching the patient die a slow and painful death:Arguments against euthanasia:Mistakes can happen.There are painkilling drugs: this is true, but there is no quality of life, while drugged up.The dying patient might not be in the right state of mind while choosing to die quickly: This mental based problem is tackled by psychiatrists before euthanasia takes place.Patients could lose faith in doctors.Euthanasia is no better than murder: This is a dubious argument, which can be argued considerably by Christians either way.If the patient is unable to choose, then who does: This links in with the dilemma, who switches off the life support machine? Again, Christians choices would be split down the m iddle.The Bibles/Christians viewYou shall not murder; God gave everything life, so life should be treated as a gift from God; God helps no matter what and never gives us more suffering than we can take; Finally, only God can decide what will happen to you, not other people.